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Email: penjarabatin (at) gmail (dot) com
3.08.2008
Privacy Statement
3.06.2008
Microwaves And Satellite Communication
Micro is a unit for measurement of length. As the name suggests microwaves are the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum where the wavelength falls between about one millimeter and thirty centimeters that is micrometers. Frequency of microwave bands extends from about one gigahertz to three hundred gigahertz and is useful for short range, high reliability radio and television links. Systems which use microwave frequencies are radar, mobile radio, satellite communications, terrestrial line of sight and troposphere links.
An essential property of microwaves is that they travel in straight lines through the atmosphere, are not affected by the ionized layers. Also these waves are very less affected by temperature inversions and scattering. But these weather effects limit the distance between the transmitter and the receiver to a few miles. This problem is over come by usage of repeater stations placed along the propagation path that extend the distance over which communication can occur. Basically a microwave repeater is a receiver/amplifier/transmitter combination used for relaying microwave signals in long distance and overland communication links. As frequencies of the signals increase thereby distance between repeaters decrease.
Main mode of propagation in the microwave range is line of sight. Line of sight means that the transmitter and receiver need to see each other. Thus range of line of sight communication depends upon the height of the communicating antennas and the nature of the terrain between them. Radio horizon limits the distance over which signals can be sent. Microwave repeaters i.e. radio link systems carry large quantizes of voice and data traffic and are subject to transmission impairments thus limiting the distance between relay points. Majority of the radio link systems carry analog signals which are frequency modulated, while a few carry digital signals. Radio link systems which are terrestrial are highly directional and send point to point voice and data signals.
Like television broadcast systems, satellite radio link systems also offer multiple path transmission for various signals. Waveguides are main transmission media for transmission of frequencies in the microwave spectrum. The walls of waveguides are highly polished and sometimes specially plated to reduce resistance and consequently power losses. These devices are constructed of brass, copper or aluminum and are made in sections of various lengths. The sections are straight, bent, twisted or flexible. The most common form of waveguide is rectangular in cross section although round waveguides may be used.
Microwaves can be transmitted by co axial cable, micro strip, strip line and optical fibers as well within certain range. Among these transmission of light modulated signals through optical fibers is the model method. As the waveguides provide excellent shielding and low loss so they can transmit greater amounts of power with less energy loss than co axial cables.
Impact Of Satellite Radio On Life On Truck Drivers
Truck drivers are the most frustrated listeners of the commercial radios. They are the ones who have tolerated commercials on local radios the most as they are counted in the listeners which listen to radio the most. Truck drivers log more than one hundred and fifty billion miles each year so they deserve better entertainment options. As we all know that the trucking industry has a history of being the first to adopt new innovations in the vehicle and we believe truckers will play an important part in the development of satellite radio. Cost of the equipment for truck drivers is very approachable. The system comes with a digital antenna designed for satellite applications and engineered specifically for commercial trucks.
The device offers over hundred channels of revolutionary programming, nationwide coverage and superior sound quality. Thus we can say that XM is a truck driver's dream come true. Satellite radio will become such an inevitable part of the truck driver’s life that they will really think how they ever lived without XM. Satellite radio has the luxury of coast-to-coast coverage, digital-quality sound and a wide variety of programming options from over hundred channels. Also the drivers will have the satisfaction of knowing that with good system they are receiving original equipment equivalent quality. The interface for users for the satellite receivers is simple and easy to use like traditional AM/FM band radios. The liquid crystal display is alphanumeric and it provides information including the channel, type of music and song and artist name. Everybody is familiar with the word cab. The environment in the cab is vastly different from that of a passenger vehicle and the fact that these units are designed and validated specifically to cab conditions and to meet the tough heavy-duty performance specifications sets them apart from aftermarket versions currently available. Thus every passenger wants a smooth and comfortable ride.
This is achieved with the satellite radio’s help. Cab drivers can buy the satellite radio system to give their customers a good and joyful drive. The satellite radio system which includes receiver box and antenna can be installed free of cost. The satellite radios are audio systems with a broad range of head units that accommodate various playback devices such as cassette tapes, CDs and MP3s. Satellite radio is a transformation of radio. It is an industry that has seen little technological change since FM, almost forty years ago. The programming of XM lineup features hundred coast-to-coast digital channels which include seventy one music channels, more than thirty of them are commercial-free, from hip-hop to opera, classical to country, bluegrass to blues and twenty nine channels of sports, talk, children's and entertainment.
Portable Satellite Radio
Potable satellite radios are a category of satellite radios. Portable satellite radios are the pocket-sized radios that allows subscribers to listen to live broadcasts and to digital music from their personal collections. Satellite radio can be used in-dash car radios, dedicated home-audio components, and as well as plug and play head units. As the name says that the satellite radio is portable thus the size of the unit is very compact because of which it can be carried in the pocket of the user very easily. The kit of the portable satellite radio includes a hand-held receiver, rechargeable-integrated battery, complete home/car accessory kit, built-in antenna, headphones, remote control, belt clip/stand, and a case for carrying it. Also a device is available in the market which is combination of satellite radio and MP3. The combination is an ultimate music machine because it allows the user to create and manage play lists which are customized according to user’s own choice.
The capability of portable satellite radio is its ability to combine both personal digital music files and recorded XM Satellite Radio programming music files. The portable satellite radios are very small in size and very light in weight thus making them very comfortable to carry from one place to another.
Every satellite radio companies manufacture their own combinations. The storage capacity of the device is according to the model. There are models available in the markets which have storage capacity of about one gigahertz while others offer storage capacity of five hundred and twelve mega bytes that is around twenty five hours of music content.
Other feature of the portable satellite radio is its ability to alert the listener if a when favorites are being played on XM. Also it can play MP3 and other files from listener’s personal collection. This feature allows the user to listen to stored individual songs or entire blocks of XM programming. By XM programming it means that a variety of channels like classical, pop, channels for kids, news channels, sports channels, NASCAR radio, comedy channels, channels on talk and variety and entertainment radio can be selected and saved. The channels play music of very famous and renowned musicians. The channels which are specific for children play music that keep children busy, happy and satisfied. The news channels transmit news headlines of the of the famous news channels television. But a problem encountered with these channels is that they are not commercial free. The channels specific for sports feature channels like ESPN Radio, ESPN News, Fox Sports Radio and other sporting news. Some channels offer family oriented comedy and uncensored bits of comedy. The pack of all these channels keeps a listener busy for long periods of time.
Introduction To XM Satellite Radio
XM satellite radio is a digital radio which provides digital programming directly from two high-powered satellites in which are placed in the geostationary orbit above the equator. The two satellites named Rhythm and blues are placed at one hundred and fifteen degrees west and at eighty five degrees west longitude respectively. They are kept in addition to a network of ground-based repeaters. This collection of two satellites and a ground-based repeater network is designed to provide gap-free coverage anywhere within the continental U.S., its southern tip of Alaska, and in the southern part of Canada. Signals from these satellites can also be received in the Caribbean Islands and most of Mexico. Initially the two satellites were named as rock and roll. But because of some technical problems the third satellite rhythm was launched. It was placed at 85 degrees west longitude just like the earlier placed satellite.
The initially kept satellite was moved to be co located with the other satellite where each satellite operated only one transponder. Because of this only half of the bandwidth was broadcasted. T5his was done to conserve energy and reduce the power consumption to half. In the meantime the blues satellite was made ready for launching. XM satellite radio’s head office is in Washington. Satellite radio signals die out at places of where there are high buildings, tunnels and bridges. At such places there is requirement of terrestrial repeaters. The terrestrial repeaters do not allow the signal to fade out. These repeaters are installed in United States as well as in Canada. The required number of repeater sites varies as the signal is regularly tested and monitored for optimal performance.
The terrestrial repeaters transmit signals in the same frequency band as the satellite does. On a general note we can say that a city contains round about twenty or more terrestrial stations. A signal receiver owner is not aware of the fact when a terrestrial station is being used, until and unless he or she checks antenna information from the receiver being used. Nowadays Unites State’s terrestrial repeater network is available to the public. Signals from XM satellite radio lie in the S band of the frequency spectrum. These signals use twelve and a half mega hertz of the S band. The signals are digitally compressed using a special technique namely the AAC Plus. This technique of coding is for audio signals while the voice signals use AMBE coding technique. These include the traffic and weather channels. The radio signals of XM are broadcasted on six separate radio carriers within the twelve and a half megahertz allocation. The whole content of the radio service that is both data and audio content is represented by only two carriers.